{"id":8945,"date":"2023-12-15T08:16:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-15T07:16:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/schizophrenialife.md\/public\/?page_id=8945"},"modified":"2025-12-18T13:35:55","modified_gmt":"2025-12-18T12:35:55","slug":"scurta-prezentare-generala-a-schizofreniei","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/schizophrenialife.md\/public\/scurta-prezentare-generala-a-schizofreniei\/","title":{"rendered":"Scurt\u0103 prezentare general\u0103 a schizofreniei"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Scurt\u0103 prezentare general\u0103 a schizofreniei<\/h1>

Schizofrenia este o tulburare a s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii mintale cu o cauz\u0103 care nu este \u00eenc\u0103 definit\u0103 \u0219i care prezint\u0103 o varietate de simptome clinice.<\/p><\/a>

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Prezentare general\u0103<\/h3>

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Schizofrenia se poate defini drept o boal\u0103 mintal\u0103 sever\u0103, care afecteaz\u0103 comportamentele, g\u00e2ndurile \u0219i emo\u021biile. Pute\u021bi observa primele simptome \u00een perioada adolescen\u021bei sau a v\u00e2rstei adulte, dar de fapt \u00eencepe cu mult mai devreme1<\/sup>.

B\u0103rba\u021bii sunt mult mai predispu\u0219i s\u0103 prezinte simptome \u00een jurul v\u00e2rstei de 15\u00a0\u2013\u00a025 de ani, \u00een timp ce la femei apar de regul\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu (35\u00a0\u2013\u00a045 de ani). Cu toate acestea, schizofrenia este diagnosticat\u0103 consecvent \u00een toate culturile \u0219i sexele2<\/sup>.

Peste 21 de milioane de oameni au schizofrenie la nivel mondial \u0219i este mai frecvent\u0103 la b\u0103rba\u021bi dec\u00e2t la femei3<\/sup>. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Cauze \u0219i simptome<\/h3>

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\u00cen final, cauza clar\u0103 a schizofreniei este necunoscut\u0103. Cu toate acestea, exist\u0103 anumite elemente cunoscute ca av\u00e2nd un rol important, de exemplu: factorii prenatali, consumul de droguri \u0219i factorii sociali4-7<\/sup>.

Factorii asocia\u021bi stilului de via\u021b\u0103 au fost asocia\u021bi \u0219i cu un risc crescut de a dezvolta schizofrenie. De exemplu, consumul de canabis4<\/sup> sau factorii sociali cum ar fi cre\u0219terea \u00eentr-un ora\u0219 mare sau evenimente extrem de emo\u021bionante \u00een via\u021ba cuiva, s-au asociat cu aceast\u0103 boal\u01035-7<\/sup>.

Rela\u021bia dintre consumul de canabis \u0219i psihoz\u0103 a fost studiat\u0103 foarte mult. Exist\u0103 cercet\u0103ri care sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 utilizarea canabisului cre\u0219te posibilitatea de schizofrenie \u0219i c\u0103 subiec\u021bii cu boli mintale tind s\u0103 foloseasc\u0103 mai mult marijuana, iar cei predispu\u0219i la psihoze sunt mai susceptibili s\u0103 consume marijuana dec\u00e2t popula\u021bia general\u010313<\/sup>. Un articol foarte recent din 2019 publicat \u00een The Lancet afirm\u0103 c\u0103 30% din primele episoade de psihoz\u0103 tr\u0103ite \u00een Londra \u0219i 50% din cele tr\u0103ite \u00een Amsterdam ar fi putut fi prevenite dac\u0103 \u00een aceste ora\u0219e nu ar fi fost disponibil canabis concentrat14<\/sup>.

Riscul de schizofrenie este mai mare \u00een familie, par\u021bial deoarece ar putea exista factori genetici subiacen\u021bi schizofreniei6,7,9<\/sup>. Cu toate acestea, impactul genelor depinde \u0219i de interac\u021biunea acestora cu mediul, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t genetica \u00een sine nu poate fi asociat\u0103 cu dezvoltarea schizofreniei6<\/sup>.

Unele anomalii fizice din anatomia \u0219i func\u021bionarea creierului pot avea la r\u00e2ndul lor efect asupra apari\u021biei bolii10<\/sup>.

Cercetarea a ar\u0103tat c\u0103 la persoanele cu schizofrenie, dezvoltarea cerebral\u0103 este afectat\u0103 \u00een perioada adolescen\u021bei10<\/sup>. Aceasta pare s\u0103 se desf\u0103\u0219oare \u00een dou\u0103 moduri posibile:<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Neuronii din creieri sunt conecta\u021bi \u00een re\u021bele care sunt importante pentru func\u021bionarea \u0219i dezvoltarea creierului. \u00cen zona frontal\u0103 a creierului, denumit\u0103 cortex prefrontal, ramurile neuronale exterioare (denumite sinapse \u0219i dendite) pot fi expuse unui \u201epruning\u201d(deconectare neuronal\u0103) excesiv, care \u00eentrerupe conexiunile normale din cadrul re\u021belei. Pruning-ul este un fenomen normal, dar este mai accentuat la persoanele cu schizofrenie6<\/sup>.<\/p>

Neuronii comunic\u0103 \u00eentre ei folosind neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori, substan\u021be chimice care transport\u0103 mesajul \u00een creier. Reglarea necorespunz\u0103toare a neurotransmi\u021b\u0103torilor poate duce la o transmitere defectuoas\u0103 a mesajului \u0219i poate afecta dezvoltarea creierului. La persoanele cu schizofrenie, unii neurotransmi\u021b\u0103tori par s\u0103 aib\u0103 o activitate neobi\u0219nuit\u0103: dopamina, serotonina \u0219i glutamatul6,11<\/sup>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Schizofrenia are o gam\u0103 larg\u0103 de simptome care pot fi identificate, dar \u00een cele din urm\u0103 pot fi grupate \u00een categorii: pozitive<\/a> (cum ar fi halucina\u021biile \u0219i delirul), negative<\/a> (asociate unui nivel de expresivitate \u0219i motiva\u021bie redus) \u0219i cognitive<\/a> (dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een organizarea g\u00e2ndurilor \u0219i stabilirea planurilor)12<\/sup>.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Clasificarea ICD-10 a bolilor mintale \u0219i comportamentale<\/h5>
Organiza\u021bia Mondial\u0103 a S\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii<\/div>
Despre simptomele schizofreniei<\/a><\/div>
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Referinte<\/p>

  1. ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2016\/en#\/F20<\/a>. Accessed July 2019<\/li>
  2. Mathews M. Schizophrenia and Acute Psychosis. August 2013<\/li>
  3. WHO schizophrenia fact sheet https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schizophrenia<\/a>. Accessed July 2019<\/li>
  4. Haller CS, Padmanabhan JL, Lizano P, Torous J, Keshavan M. Recent advances in understanding schizophrenia. F1000Prime Rep. 2014 Jul 8;6:57. doi: 10.12703\/P6-57. eCollection 2014. Review.<\/li>
  5. Klosterk\u00f6tter J, Schultze-Lutter F, Bechdolf A, Ruhrmann S. Prediction and prevention of schizophrenia: what has been achieved and where to go next? World Psychiatry. 2011;10(3):165\u2013174.<\/li>
  6. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC., Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;60(12):1187-92.<\/li>
  7. McGuffin P. Nature and nurture interplay: schizophrenia. Psychiatr Prax. 2004 Nov;31 Suppl 2:S189-93.<\/li>
  8. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-12617495<\/a> [Accessed July 2019] <\/li>
  9. Kety SS. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51(6):442-55<\/li>
  10. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/schizophrenia\/causes\/<\/a> [Accessed July 2019]<\/li>
  11. Brisch et al. The Role of Dopamine in Schizophrenia from a Neurobiological and Evolutionary Perspective: Old Fashioned, but Still in Vogue Front Psychiatry. 2014; 5: 47<\/li>
  12. NIH. Mental Health Information. Schizophrenia. https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia\/index.shtml<\/a> Accessed July 2019<\/li>
  13. Psychol Med. 2017 Apr;47(5):971-980. doi: 10.1017\/S0033291716003172. Epub 2016 Dec 8. Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Gage SH, Jones HJ, Burgess S, Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Zammit S, Munaf\u00f2 MR.<\/li>
  14. The Lancet Psychiatry, VOLUME 6, ISSUE 5, P427-436, MAY 01, 2019. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. Marta Di Forti, PhD , Diego Quattrone, MD, Giada Tripoli, MSc,Charlotte Gayer-Anderson, PhD, Harriet Quigley, MD et al<\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n
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